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Four Seasons Hotel in Amman Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB) English first language school board. !

1996 58 The TDSB held no public inquiry into the culture of fear and offered no compensation to those affected in 2016 the new director John Malloy said:, See also: Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area The early nineteenth century was the age of canals the Erie Canal stretching from Buffalo to Albany New York threatened to divert all of the grain and other trade on the upper Great Lakes through the Hudson River to New York city after its completion in 1825 Upper Canadians sought to build a similar system that would tie this trade to the St Lawrence River and Montreal Rideau Canal! Efforts to reduce youth gang crime have included police raids, government & social programs and camera surveillance of public housing projects Late 1980s and early 1990s! . 1861 1,396,091 +46.6% 3.6 Territorial evolution Sociology southwestern part of Markham U.S News & World Report National 25 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms includes provisions that guarantee English and French language schools and reaffirms the rights of separate schools in Ontario Four school boards in Toronto provide public elementary secondary and adult education the four school boards operate as either English or French first language school boards and as either secular or separate school boards The number of school boards based in Toronto and the kinds of institutions that they operate are a result of constitutional arrangements found in the Constitution of Canada Separate schools in Ontario are constitutionally protected under Section 93 of the Constitution Act 1867 and is further reinforced by Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms French language schools in Toronto are constitutionally protected under Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms In 1980 there were 7 French schools (secular and separate) in Metropolitan Toronto Maurice Bergevin the vice principal of the Etienne Brule School stated that a study from Montreal in 1971 noted that if francophones in Toronto had the same proportion of schools that anglophones had in Montreal there would be 31 francophone schools in Metropolitan Toronto According to a 1971 Canadian federal census Toronto had 160,000 francophones the number of French first language schools in Toronto has since grown to 26 (secular and separate) Several alternative schools in Toronto are also operated by Toronto's public school boards the oldest is ALPHA Alternative School which opened in 1972 the first conference for publicly funded alternative schools in the Greater Toronto Area happened in Nov 2012. Ontario's Ministry of Education distance education program the Independent Learning Centre is also headquartered in Toronto Secular. . . . .