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; Main articles: Roman Catholicism in Canada and Alexander Macdonell (bishop). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms includes provisions that guarantee English and French language schools and reaffirms the rights of separate schools in Ontario Four school boards in Toronto provide public elementary secondary and adult education the four school boards operate as either English or French first language school boards and as either secular or separate school boards The number of school boards based in Toronto and the kinds of institutions that they operate are a result of constitutional arrangements found in the Constitution of Canada Separate schools in Ontario are constitutionally protected under Section 93 of the Constitution Act 1867 and is further reinforced by Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms French language schools in Toronto are constitutionally protected under Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms In 1980 there were 7 French schools (secular and separate) in Metropolitan Toronto Maurice Bergevin the vice principal of the Etienne Brule School stated that a study from Montreal in 1971 noted that if francophones in Toronto had the same proportion of schools that anglophones had in Montreal there would be 31 francophone schools in Metropolitan Toronto According to a 1971 Canadian federal census Toronto had 160,000 francophones the number of French first language schools in Toronto has since grown to 26 (secular and separate) Several alternative schools in Toronto are also operated by Toronto's public school boards the oldest is ALPHA Alternative School which opened in 1972 the first conference for publicly funded alternative schools in the Greater Toronto Area happened in Nov 2012. Ontario's Ministry of Education distance education program the Independent Learning Centre is also headquartered in Toronto Secular.

. ! Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB) English first language school board Toronto FC II 3.4 Sydenham and the Union of the Canadas. . 1.2.2.4 Jewish The early nineteenth century was the age of canals the Erie Canal stretching from Buffalo to Albany New York threatened to divert all of the grain and other trade on the upper Great Lakes through the Hudson River to New York city after its completion in 1825 Upper Canadians sought to build a similar system that would tie this trade to the St Lawrence River and Montreal Rideau Canal, Source: Statistics Canada Census of Agriculture. Toronto Ontario Canada Business directory. . 5.10 Exposing students to cameras Until 1763 most of Ontario was considered part of New France by French claim Rupert's Land defined as the drainage basin of Hudson Bay was claimed by Britain and included much of today's Northern Ontario the British defeated the armies of the French colony and its indigenous allies in the French and Indian War part of the Seven Years' War global conflict Concluding the war the peace treaty between the European powers known as the Treaty of Paris 1763 assigned almost all of France's possessions in North America to Britain including parts that would later become Ontario not already part of Rupert's Land Britain established the first Province of Quebec encompassing contemporary Quebec and southern Ontario After the American War of Independence the first reserves for First Nations were established These are situated at Six Nations (1784) Tyendinaga (1793) and Akwesasne (1795) Six Nations and Tyendinaga were established by the British for those indigenous groups who had fought on the side of the British and were expelled from the new United States Akwesasne was a pre-existing Mohawk community and its borders were formalized under the 1795 Jay Treaty In 1788 while part of the Province of Quebec southern Ontario was divided into four districts: Hesse Lunenburg Mecklenburg and Nassau in 1792 the four districts were renamed: Hesse became the Western District Lunenburg became the Eastern District Mecklenburg became the Midland District and Nassau became the Home District Counties were created within the districts By 1798 there were eight districts: Eastern Home Johnstown London Midland Newcastle Niagara and Western by 1826 there were eleven districts: Bathurst Eastern Gore Home Johnstown London Midland Newcastle Niagara Ottawa and Western by 1838 there were twenty districts: Bathurst Brock Colbourne Dalhousie Eastern Gore Home Huron Johnstown London Midland Newcastle Niagara Ottawa Prince Edward Simcoe Talbot Victoria Wellington and Western In 1849 the districts of southern Ontario were abolished by the Province of Canada and county governments took over certain municipal responsibilities the Province of Canada also began creating districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858 When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast with vast territories in the interior it grew by adding British Columbia in 1871 P.E.I in 1873 the British Arctic Islands in 1880 and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories Evolution of the borders of Ontario since Canadian Confederation in 1867 The borders of Ontario its new name in 1867 were provisionally expanded north and west When the Province of Canada was formed its borders were not entirely clear and Ontario claimed eventually to reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean With Canada's acquisition of Rupert's Land Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders especially since some of the new areas in which it was interested were rapidly growing After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area the province asked for an elaboration on its limits and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north The northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Canadian Confederation Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by 1899 there were seven northern districts: Algoma Manitoulin Muskoka Nipissing Parry Sound Rainy River and Thunder Bay Four more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1912: Cochrane Kenora Sudbury and Timiskaming Demographics.