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. The Golden Horseshoe is home to several universities including the University of Toronto and McMaster University in Hamilton which are ranked 1st and 4th in Canada respectively by the Academic Ranking of World Universities Other universities in the region include Brock University in St Catherines Trent University York University OCAD University University of Ontario Institute of Technology and Ryerson University Public primary and secondary schooling is typically provided by school boards largely organized at the municipal or county/regional level the only school board that operates throughout the Golden Horseshoe is Conseil scolaire Viamonde a public French-language school board and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir a public French-language separate school board Attractions. Other Christians 1,224,300 9.7, In 2008 OCAD president Sara Diamond changed the pedagogy She emphasised academics over studio time and required full-time instructors to hold an advanced degree There was some controversy as two faculty members resigned over the changes in 2010 Tom Traves then president of Dalhousie University in Halifax conducted a confidential review of how OCAD was managed He found that the number of senior faculty and administrators was excessive Diamond adopted most of his 30 recommendations including increased Decanal autonomy Name changes, 2.1 Trustees Conservative Seats: - 6 8 13 32 9 Hydro (22.0%)!

. Metropolitan Toronto School Board[note 1]! . . Stoney Creek Publicly-owned NB Power operates 13 of New Brunswick's generating stations deriving power from fuel oil and diesel (1497 MW) hydro (889 MW) nuclear (660 MW) and coal (467 MW) There were 30 active natural gas production sites in 2012 Transportation. ; Extended Dufferin County 61,735 5.2.2 Catholic Church, The earliest Presbyterian ministers in Upper Canada came from various denominations based in Scotland Ireland and the United States the "Presbytery of the Canadas" was formed in 1818 primarily by Scottish Associate Presbyterian missionaries yet independently of their mother denomination in the hope of including Presbyterian ministers of all stripes in Upper and Lower Canada Although successfully including members from Irish Associate and American Presbyterian and Reformed denominations the growing group of missionaries belonging to the Church of Scotland remained separate Instead in 1831 they formed their own "Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Canada in Connection with the Established Church of Scotland" That same year the "Presbytery of the Canadas" having grown and been re-organized became the "United Synod of Upper Canada" in its continued pursuit for Presbyterian unity (and a share of government funding from the Clergy Reserves for established churches) the United Synod sought a union with the Church of Scotland synod which it finally joined in 1840 However some ministers had left the United Synod prior to this merger (including notably Rev James Harris Rev William Jenkins and Rev Daniel Eastman) in the 1832 new Secessionist missionaries began to arrive belonging to "The United Associate Synod in Scotland" (after 1847 the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland) Committed to the voluntarist principle of rejecting government funding they decided against joining the "United Synod of Upper Canada" and on Christmas Day 1834 formed the "Missionary Presbytery of the Canadas" Although this new presbytery was formed at Rev James Harris's church in Toronto he and his congregation remained independent from it However the voluntarist Rev Jenkins and his congregation in Richmond Hill joined the Missionary Presbytery a few years later Rev Eastman had left the United Synod in 1833 to form the "Niagara Presbytery" of the Presbyterian Church in the USA After this presbytery dissolved following the Rebellion of 1837 he rejoined the United Synod which then joined the Church of Scotland Outside of these four Presbyterian denominations only two others gained a foothold in the province the small "Stamford Presbytery" of the American Secessionist tradition was formed in 1835 in the Niagara region and the Scottish Reformed Presbyterian or "Covenanter" tradition was represented in the province to an even lesser extent Despite the numerous denominations by the late 1830s the Church of Scotland was the main expression of Presbyterianism in Upper Canada Mennonites Tunkers Quakers and Children of Peace, Toronto is built on the former lake bed of Lake Iroquois This large flat expanse presents few natural limits to growth and throughout its history Toronto has sprawled outward and today has a ring of suburbs that spans hundreds of square kilometres in 2005 the provincial government has attempted to place an artificial limit to this growth in the form of a Greenbelt around the city Toronto was planned out on a grid system of concession lines spaced about two kilometres apart that separated rural landholdings Major avenues were established along each concession line as the city spread outward These avenues run straight with few diversions for long stretches and Toronto is notable for the considerable length of its major streets Most of the avenues go from one side of the city to the other and often continue deep into the neighbouring suburbs Suburban expansion replaced these rural lots with subdivisions made of crescents and cul-de-sacs These local road networks were designed to reduce and slow traffic redirecting vehicles to the avenues These wide avenues that even run through the central city have also made it easier for Toronto to retain a streetcar system which was among the few North American cities to do so The most important obstacle to construction is Toronto's network of ravines Historically city planners filled in many of the ravines and when this was not possible planners mostly ignored them though today the remaining ones are embraced for their natural beauty Ravines have helped isolate some central neighbourhoods from the rest of the city and have contributed to the exclusivity of certain neighbourhoods such as Rosedale Opened in 1889 the Don Valley Brick Works was one of several local brickworks the abundance of clay in the area made brick a commonly used material for construction Building materials.