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. . . . Thanks to its vast hinterland Toronto designers have had access to a wide array of raw materials for construction Due to the clay sediments of the former lake bed that Toronto is built upon and but more prominently the shale layer underlying this area of North America brick has been an especially cheap and available material for almost the city's entire history Much of it was provided by the Don Valley Brick Works Domtar's brick division Canada Brick and Brampton Brick whose output can still be found in thousands of structures across the city and throughout the surrounding regions Throughout the city most homes from all eras are made of brick Commercial and industrial builders also long embraced brick with the Distillery District being a prominent example though today more efficient materials such as cinder blocks are more common for commercial projects Prominent landmarks have also gone to greater expense and generally eschewed simple brick Older banks and government buildings used stone and modern attempts to marvel have embraced modern materials such as concrete and aluminum in addition to extensive glazing Even today the overwhelming bulk of residential buildings constructed in Toronto are clad in brick Sandstone was also historically a readily available building material with large deposits quarried from the Credit River valley More expensive than brick but more ornate it was used for many early landmarks such as the Ontario Legislature Old City Hall and Victoria College It is also the main material used in the unique Annex style house Industrial architecture. 7.1.3 Desjardins Canal Community involvement Post-secondary education Canal system! 2 Italy Milan Italy No. Player Position Tenure Date of honour Date of retirement 5.5 "Explicit" sex-ed brochures American planning Home arenas and practice facilities! 3.1 Democratic governance 4.3.2 Collegiate sports 3.1 Before 1900 Airport rail link 3.1 Family Compact 5.4 Houses of worship 1.2 The Toronto Public School Board!

The American naval squadron exchange fire with Fort York during the Battle of York in April 1813 the American landing is depicted to the west (bottom left of image) On 27 April 1813 American forces led by Zebulon Pike attacked York After the British-Native force failed to prevent the American landings (in present-day Parkdale) British forces ordered a withdrawal realizing that defence was impossible Upon their departure British forces rigged Fort York's gunpowder magazine to explode it exploded as the American forces were about to enter the fort killing Pike and a contingent of his men in the following days American forces sacked the town and burned a number of properties including the Parliament Buildings the town remained occupied until May 8 when American forces departed the settlement In addition to the Battle of York two other American incursions occurred in the town during the war the second incursion occurred several months later on 31 July An American squadron originally planned to attack British forces at Burlington Heights; although finding the British too well-entrenched in the Heights opted to raid York instead the landings at York went unopposed with most York's garrison moving west to defend Burlington Heights American forces raided the town's food and military stores as well as destroyed several military structures before departing the same night The third incursion into York occurred a year later in August 1814 on 6 August 1814 an American naval squadron arrived outside of York's harbour dispatching USS Lady of the Lake to enter the town's harbour in an effort to gauge its defences. After the ship briefly exchanged fire with the improved Fort York built several hundred metres to the west from its original position the USS Lady of the Lake withdrew and returned to the American squadron outside the harbour American forces did not attempt a landing during this incursion although remained outside the town's harbour for the following three days before departing Post-War of 1812; Geography and Environmental Studies 2012 57 33 213 289 Cobourg Scugog Green tick, In 2008 OCAD president Sara Diamond changed the pedagogy She emphasised academics over studio time and required full-time instructors to hold an advanced degree There was some controversy as two faculty members resigned over the changes in 2010 Tom Traves then president of Dalhousie University in Halifax conducted a confidential review of how OCAD was managed He found that the number of senior faculty and administrators was excessive Diamond adopted most of his 30 recommendations including increased Decanal autonomy Name changes. . Satellite image of Toronto and surrounding area Urban area's of the city are interrupted by the Toronto ravine system The city is mostly flat or gentle hills and the land gently slopes upward away from the lake the flat land is interrupted by the Toronto ravine system which is cut by numerous creeks and rivers of the Toronto waterway system most notably the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown at opposite ends of Toronto Harbour and the Rouge River at the city's eastern limits Most of the ravines and valley lands in Toronto today are parklands and recreational trails are laid out along the ravines and valleys the original town was laid out in a grid plan on the flat plain north of the harbour and this plan was extended outwards as the city grew the width and depth of several of the ravines and valleys are such that several grid streets such as Finch Avenue Leslie Street Lawrence Avenue and St Clair Avenue terminate on one side of a ravine or valley and continue on the other side Toronto has many bridges spanning the ravines Large bridges such as the Prince Edward Viaduct were built to span wide river valleys Despite its deep ravines Toronto is not remarkably hilly but its elevation does increase steadily away from the lake Elevation differences range from 76.5 metres (251 ft) above sea level at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m (686 ft) ASL near the York University grounds in the city's north end at the intersection of Keele Street and Steeles Avenue. There are occasional hilly areas; in particular midtown Toronto has a number of sharply sloping hills Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue 7 to 8 kilometres (4.3 to 5.0 mi) inland The Scarborough Bluffs is an escarpment along the eastern portion of the Toronto waterfront which formed during the last glacial period The other major geographical feature of Toronto is its escarpments During the last ice age the lower part of Toronto was beneath Glacial Lake Iroquois Today a series of escarpments mark the lake's former boundary known as the "Iroquois Shoreline" the escarpments are most prominent from Victoria Park Avenue to the mouth of Highland Creek where they form the Scarborough Bluffs Other observable sections include the area near St Clair Avenue West between Bathurst Street and the Don River and north of Davenport Road from Caledonia to Spadina Road; the Casa Loma grounds sit above this escarpment The geography of the lakeshore is greatly changed since the first settlement of Toronto Much of the land on the north shore of the harbour is landfill filled in during the late 19th century Until then the lakefront docks (then known as wharves) were set back farther inland than today Much of the adjacent Port Lands on the east side of the harbour was a wetland filled in early in the 20th century the shoreline from the harbour west to the Humber River has been extended into the lake Further west landfill has been used to create extensions of land such as Humber Bay Park The Toronto Islands were a natural peninsula until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland, creating a channel to the harbour the peninsula was formed by longshore drift taking the sediments deposited along the Scarborough Bluffs shore and transporting them to the Islands area the other source of sediment for the Port Lands wetland and the peninsula was the deposition of the Don River which carved a wide valley through the sedimentary land of Toronto and deposited it in the shallow harbour the harbour and the channel of the Don River have been dredged numerous times for shipping the lower section of the Don River was straightened and channelled in the 19th century the former mouth drained into a wetland; today the Don drains into the harbour through a concrete waterway the Keating Channel Climate!